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LAB TEST & PROCEDURES
Title : Blood gases
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| Short Description : Blood test.
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Description :
Explanation of Test: Blood gases are used to determine the acid-base balance and the respiratory/metabolic status of the patient. Measurements of pH less than 7.35 indicate acidaemia and that greater than 7.45 indicates alkalemia. Elevated pCO2 is associated with hypoventilation in respiratory acidosis and decreased level indicates hyperventilation in a respiratory alkalosis. pO2 represents how well the lungs are oxygenating the blood. Oxygen saturation (O2 Sat) is the amount of oxygen bound to haemoglobin and available for transport to other parts of the body. A drop to below 75% is critical as the tissues cannot extract enough oxygen to carry out is functions. |
Respiratory acidosis (pH decreased, pCO2 increased, HCO3 normal) may indicate respiratory depression/failure due to sedation, narcotic overdose or pneumonia. Respiratory alkalosis (pH increased, pCO2 decreased, HCO3 normal) may indicate hyperventilation due to anxiety or pain. Metabolic acidosis (pH decreased, pCO2 normal, HCO3 -decreased) may indicate diabetes mellitus, shock and renal failure. Metabolic alkalosis (pH increased, pCO2 normal, HCO3 increased) may indicate prolonged vomiting, or excessive bicarbonate therapy.
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Reference range: adult: 7-36 U/L
pH 7.35-7.45
pCO2 35.0-45.0 mmHg
pO2 75.0-100 mmHg
BE -2.0-2.0 mmol/L
O2 Sat 95-100.0%
Std Bicarb 21.0-27.0 mmol/L |
Title : Blood group
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| Short Description : Blood test
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| Description : There are two commonly used blood group systems. They are the ABO system and the Rhesus system.Under the ABO system, there are four main groups of blood – A, B, AB and O. Every human being belongs to one of these groups. No one group is better than any of the other group. In Singapore, approximately 45% of the population belongs to group O. 25% group A, 25% group B and 5% group AB. The Rhesus (Rh) blood group, discovered in the 1940s, is the second most important blood group system. The name Rhesus is used because the rhesus monkey was being used in the experiments when the system was discovered. The major antigen in the Rhesus system is the D antigen. Red blood cells that possess the D antigen are called Rh(D) positive and those lacking the D antigen are called Rh(D) negative. |
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